Andrew Jackson and The Indian Removal Act essays

Andrew Jackson and The Indian Removal Act essays Andrew Jackson's lack of positive actions and policies ultimately forced the westward migration of the "five civilized" Native American tribes, the Creeks, Chickasaws, Seminoles, Cherokees and Choctaws. Jackson's failure to enforce his early promise that the migration of the Native American tribes would be voluntary was a major factor in the success of the forced migration, as were Jackson's repeated failures to ensure that treaties with Native Americans were kept and that land deals with Native Americans were not fraudulent. In addition, other legislation like the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act of 1834 resulted in more migration out of the area, by reducing native rights and sovereignty. Further, Jackson's role in forwarding the forced migrations was likely motivated by a desire for profit and land, political concerns, and racism. In The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians, Anthony Wallace describes the forced removal of thousands of Native Americans from the American east to an area west of the Mississippi River through the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The author focuses on how the policies of Andrew Jackson impacted the relocation, who as a newly elected president faced a caucus that was deeply divided over the relocation of the Native Americans. Ultimately, Jackson became on of the most vocal and active of the proponents of the forced removal of the Native Americans. A professor of history and anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania, Wallace is clearly qualified to write this history. He has written a number of books, including the Bancroft prize-winning Rockdale The Indian Removal Act of 1830 resulted in the forced removal of the five "civilized tribes" that lived in the geographical area east of the Mississippi River. The move displaced large numbers of the Cherokee and Choctaw tribes, but also affected a number of other tribe...

Measure Words in Mandarin Chinese

Measure Words in Mandarin Chinese Measure words are very important in Chinese grammar as they are needed before every noun. There are more than a hundred Mandarin Chinese measure words, and the only way to learn them is by memorizing them. Whenever you learn a new noun, you should also learn its measure word. Here is a list of the most commonly used measure words in Chinese to kick start your growing vocabulary. What Is a Measure Word? Measure words are familiar to English-speakers as a way to classify the type of object being discussed. For example, you would say a â€Å"loaf† of bread or a â€Å"stick† of gum. Mandarin Chinese also uses measure words for types of objects, but there are many more measure in Chinese. Measure words in Chinese can refer to the shape of the object, the type of container it comes in, or are simply arbitrary. The main difference between English (and other Western languages) and Mandarin Chinese is that Mandarin Chinese requires a measure word for every noun. In English we can say, â€Å"three cars,† but in Mandarin Chinese, we need to say â€Å"three (measure word) cars.† For example, the measure word for car is  Ã¨ ¼â€º (traditional form) / è ¾â€  (simplified form) and the character for ​car is è »Å  / è ½ ¦. Thus, you would say  Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¦Å"‰ä ¸â€°Ã¨ ¼â€ºÃ¨ »Å  / 我æÅ"‰ä ¸â€°Ã¨ ¾â€ Ã¨ ½ ¦, which translates to I have three cars. Generic Measure Word There is one â€Å"generic† measure word which can be used when the actual measure word is not known. The measure word 個 / ä ¸ ª (gà ¨) is a measure word for people, but it is frequently used for many types of things. The generic measure word can be used when referring to items like apples, bread, and light bulbs even when there are other, more appropriate measure words for these objects. Common Measure Words Here are some of the most common measure words encountered by students of Mandarin Chinese. Class Measure Word (pinyin) Measure word (traditional Chinese Characters) Measure word (simplified Chinese Characters) People g or wi or or Books bn Vehicles ling Portions fn flat objects (tables, paper) zhng Long round objects (pens, pencils) zh Letters and Mail fng Rooms jin Clothing Jin or to or or Written Sentences j Trees k Bottles png periodicals q Doors and windows shn Buildings dng Heavy objects (machines and appliances) ti

EEG and Epilepsy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

EEG and Epilepsy - Essay Example In the brain, there is a three-dimensional volumes of cortex from which the electroencephalographic (EEG) signal is generated. Each dimension of the cortex produces unique signal and hence three different potential signals are are produced within the brain. Two of the signals are recorded from the surface of the scalp where they are recorded as two-dimensional fields against the voltage. This technique is accomplished by determining the physical and functional components of the EEG cortical generators. After determining the nature and the location of the EEG fields, the signal of the pd is characterized and graded according to inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) and excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) According to the various tests that have been conducted on EEG fields, Epileptic spikes are negatively charged in nature. This is mainly caused by the depolarization of the superficial laminae. After the depolarization cycle, the subsequent repolarization cycle brings about the recurrent excitation and inhibition among laminae. This causes a sequence of negative spikes that normally translate to a negative wave detected by the electrodes. The Committee of the International Federation (CIF) of the body governing Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology (IFSECN) have made the recommendations that the placement of a specific system of electrode under standard conditions for use in all medical laboratories. The system, branded as the international 10-20 system, gives specific measurement parameters from bony landmarks and hence used to determine the nature of electrodes. Anatomical landmarks are useful in this technique as they give specific measurements made, and then approximately10% to 20% of a specified distance is useful in the electrode interval. The specific measurement enables the consistently in replication over time and between laboratories and hence the system is very reliable. However, a lot of vigilance

Read a case and reflect on it Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Read a case and reflect on it - Research Paper Example The court did not find any of the parties enjoined in the case liable for the events that occurred. More so, the appellate court affirmed the verdict of the lower court; the court maintained that the lower court was right to vindicate the bar from taking responsibility of the drunk driver’s actions. According to the appellate court, the trial court did not err in withholding that there is no coverage under the Commercial General Liability section in Mid-Continents policies. It also upheld the lower court’s ruling that Lucky’s did not in any way endanger the life of the driver, the victim, or its employees; hence Lucky’s Grille & Billiards had no obligation to cater for the mover’s claims. The court ruled that Lucky’s Grille & Billiards’ insurer, Mid-Continent Insurance Company, did not have to foot the plaintiff’s bills because he complainant failed to put Lucky’s in charge of the situation. Despite the fact that the accident occurred in the bar’s packing lot, there is no evidence linking the bar to the accident. The appellant’s claims that Doty left the bar intoxicated, and hence unfit to drive, could not be proven since employees at Lucky’s could not confirm the same. The fact that the bar could not be linked to the incident means that its insurer was also not party to the claims. In addition, even if the plaintiff proved that the bar was responsible, Mid-Continent would be absolved of any claims since its insurance policies do not cater for customers after leaving the bar. The courts were, therefore, right in their

See Below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

See Below - Essay Example Sample Population: 5 medical personnel;10 transcriptionists of different cultures with at least three years of experience in the job; 6 major patients in the hospitals who know that their record of health developments is actually noted through transcriptioning The implications of this purposed research will prove or disprove the theory that transcription errors effect the patients length of stay. This could give significant documentation that computer entery orders are essential for optimal care. The collected for this study will be presented through a chart review. If a patient has a length of stay (LOS) longer than the admitting diagnosis DRG allows then that chart will be reviewed. Looking for medical transcription errors. If a second diagnosis was found during the stay the DRG allowance of LOS will determine if that chart will need to be review. (IE if a patient is dx with pneumonia the LOS is 3 days and they are in for 10 days. The initial review is looking for a secondary diagnosis if none then a complete chart review would take place.) FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE'S theory on the level of satisfaction that the patients receive based from the service of the nurses and medical per

Role Of Quantity Surveying Profession Construction Essay

Role Of Quantity Surveying Profession Construction Essay According to Williss Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.1), the role of the quantity surveying has been defined by Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS, 1971) as ensuring that the resources of the construction industry are utilised to the best advantage of society by providing, inter alia, the financial management for projects and a cost consultancy service to the client and designer during the whole construction process. However, the roles of the quantity surveying profession within the contemporary built environment will be discussed as follows: Preliminary cost advice One of the quantity surveyor roles is to ensure that the proposed project is carefully constructed, in terms of costs arising throughout entire design and construction process (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.121). Quantity surveyor also acts to suggest his professional and reliable advices to his client on matter of cost at various stages during the design and construction process. The advices given during inception stage are vital important as the decisions taken in this stage will seriously affect the quality of works to be carried out (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.122). Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.121) stated that the quantity surveyor will offer cost advice for the comparative design solutions of the alternatives materials to be used or the form of construction to be adopted. Quantity surveyor is the recognized professional cost and value consultant, their measurement and valuation knowledge are without equal (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.123). Cost planning According to Williss Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor, Ashworth Hogg (2007, p.126) stated that the cost planning process commences with the preparation of an approximate estimate and then the setting of cost targets for each element. As the design evolves, these cost targets are checked against the developing design and details for any changes in their financial allocations. Quantity surveying profession under this aspect will require the quantity surveyor to allocate the approximate estimated costs into subdivisions, known as elements within a building. Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.122) stated that These elements costs can be compared against the element costs of other similar projects from the quantity surveyors cost library records. The purpose is to provide a better value of money for client. It also keeps the designer fully informed of all the cost implications of the design. Quantity surveyor might also try to reduce the estimated costs by simplifying the details without modifying the design. Besides, contract document will also be prepared on this basic to make the preparation of cost analysis easier. Cost planning will be developed and while taking account of appearance, quality and utility, the cost is planned to be within the economic boundary (Willis, Ashworth Willis, 1994, p.95) Procurement and tendering procedures It is important that quantity surveying profession to be applied during this stage. As stated by Ashworth and Hogg (2007, pp.237-238), role of quantity surveying profession in this aspect will include as follows: Recommending an organizational structure for the proposed development of a project (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Advising on the appointment of the various consultants and contractors in the knowledge of the information provided by the employer (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Managing the information and coordinating the work of the different parties (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Selecting the methods for the appointment of consultants and contractors (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Determining the employers requirement in terms of time, cost and quality (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Assessing the viability of the project and providing advice in respect of funding and taxation advantages (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Quantity surveyor plays a crucial role to provide appropriate advices on the method of procurement to be used for clients who wish to undertake construction work (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.237). There are various procurement methods to deal with the different demand and various situation, client should not select an inappropriate form of procurement unwittingly (Ashworth Hogg, 2007). Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.237) stated that Quantity surveyors are in an excellent position as procurement managers with their specialist knowledge of constructions and contractual procedures. They are able to appraise the characteristic of the competing methods that might be appropriate and to match these with the particular needs and aspirations of the employer. Hence, clients are advised to seek for quantity surveyor for relevant and reliable advices or recommendation before making their final decisions. Due to this, advices and recommendation provided by quantity surveyor must be independently without the intrusion of individual bias and self-interest (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.237). Contract documentation Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.243) stated that When the choice of form of contract has been decided, the next step is the preparation of the documents that will accompany the signed form of contract. The contract documents for any construction will normally include the following information: Contract drawings It includes plans, elevations and cross section. Some other additional details will also be prepared based on the complexity of the project. This will provide information for the client to get the idea of architects or engineers design intentions. The contract drawings are normally provided by architect and engineer (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, pp.243-244). However, the role of quantity surveyor is to collect the drawings and any specifications from the architect and at the same time discuss the job. There is however some more detailed questions will arise, therefore a timetable for the completion of the contract bills will be agreed, along with dates when additional detailed information and drawings can be expected (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.259) Contract bills Quantity surveyor will involve in preparation of contract bills. Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.258) stated that The appointment of the quantity surveyor is likely to have been made at early stage when early price estimates were under consideration. This may be before any drawings are available, in order to provide some cost advice to the client. Due to this, quantity surveyor will normally be needed except for on a very small project, the demand for the profession of quantity surveyor might only to be eliminated (Ashworth and Hogg, 2007, p.258). Besides, there is a condition for contractor who wishes to submit tenders in competition to provide approximate quantities required for particular works. Therefore, quantity surveying firms are then sometimes involved in preparing approximate quantities depending upon the completeness of the drawings and other information from which it was prepared contractors (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.258). Articles of agreement Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.246) stated that This is the part of the contract which the parties sign. The contract is between the employer (building owner) and the contractor (building contractor). The blank spaces in the articles are filled in with the (i) names of employer, contractor, architect and quantity surveyor; (ii) date of the signing of the contract; (iii) location and nature of the work; (iv) list of the contract drawings; (v) amount of the contract sum. Condition of contract The condition of contract includes the contractors obligation to carry out the work shown on the drawings and described in the bills to the satisfaction of the architect. They cover the matter of quality of work, cost time, nominated supplies and subcontractors insurances, fluctuation and VAT. (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.246) Appendix Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.246) stated that The Contract Particulars for the Conditions of Contract include that part of the contract which is peculiar to the particular project in question. It includes key information, for example, on the start and completion dates, the periods of interim payment and the length of the rectification period for which the contractor is responsible. Evaluation of tenders Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.274) stated that In public authorities, tenders will probably be addressed to the secretary or principal chief officer. With private clients they are usually forwarded to the architect or the quantity surveyor. On the due date for receipt of tenders, the envelopes received will be counted to check that they have all been received, prior to being openend. Quantity surveyor will then prepare a list of the tendered amounts after the envelopes are opened. Preliminary examination will be made after that to ascertain which tenders will be taken into consideration for acceptance. A fuller report will be made later by the quantity surveyor (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.274). Besides, according to Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.274), the architect will rely extensively on quantity surveyor for advice on these matters. A report will be made for the client, setting out clearly the arguments in favour of acceptance of one tender or another. Quantity surveyor will have to check and examine for the copy of the priced bills submitted by those tenderer who is under consideration (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.275). Financial reporting and interim payments, cash-flow forecasting According to Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.286) JCT 2005 makes clear duty of the clients quantity surveyor in this respect (clause 4.11): Interim valuations shall be made by the quantity surveyor whenever the architect or contract administrator considers them necessary for the purpose of ascertaining the amount to be started as due in Interim Certificate. Ashworth and Hogg (2007) stated that Most construction projects encountered by the surveyor will have contractual provision for the payment of the contractor for work done, at regular intervals during the contract period. Between the date of the first interim certificate and the practical completion certificate, interim certificates have to be issued by quantity surveyor at a certain intervals stated in the contract particulars. It is the responsibility of quantity surveyor to calculate the amount for the interim payments during each interval (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, pp.286-287). A professional quantity surveyor should always aware that there are conditions for employer to prevent the employer getting penalties and punishments and quantity surveyor should always provide his or her appropriate advices where necessary (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.288). Besides, clients generally desire the final cost of a project to be no more than contract sum. Due to this, it is the role of clients quantity surveyor to try to manage the costs by monitoring the design and site development and provide his professional advices of the likely impacts and remedies (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.302). It is also necessary for quantity surveyor to review all the correspondence and meeting issued on the project in order to identify the potential cost implications. Monthly financial reports will normally be required to advise the client of the anticipated outturn costs (Ashworth Hogg, 2007). Cash-flow forecasts report will be prepared in association with the contractor since it will be greatly influenced by the intended programme of works. Cash-flow forecasts are used as a basis upon which to arrange project finance and monitoring the progress of works (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.305). Final accounting Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.310) stated that The majority of construction projects result in a final cost that is different to that agreed by the client and contractor at commencement of the construction works. The calculation and agreement of this final construction cost, the final account, is usually of the utmost important to both the employer and contractor. Therefore, parties to the contract need to ensure that the final account incorporates a fair valuation of the works carried out. In this aspect, the quantity surveyor will decide on the suitable subdivisions into terms that will be adopted into the account prior to any abstracting or bill remeasurements. As the list of variations develops, quantity surveyor will be able to decide on how to group them. For example, there may be one instruction from the architect for increasing the size of storage tanks, another for the omission of a drinking water point and a third for the addition of three lavatory basins. Each of these will b e measured as a separate item, but the quantity surveyor might decide to group these together as variations on plumbing. It is preferably to highlight the reason for variation in cost report to acknowledge the client on reasons of the costs changed. (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, pp.315-316) Settlement of contractual disputes Quantity surveyors involved themselves in contractual disputes either in litigation in the courts, in arbitration or in alternative dispute resolution cases (ADR) cases. They sometimes involve themselves as witness of fact or expert witness, adjudicators, arbitrators or mediators in ADR cases (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.353) Project management Financial expertise of quantity surveyors make them ideally suited to project management services. According to Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.376), project management provides the important management function of bringing the project team together and may be defined as The overall planning, coordination and control of a project from inception to completion, aimed at meeting a clients requirements in order to produce a functionally viable project that will be completed on time within authorized cost and to the required quality standards. (CIOB 2002) Quantity surveyor sometimes take overall control and responsibility of for coordinating the activities of the various contractors, subcontractors, processes and procedures for the full duration of the project (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Ashworth and Hogg (2007) stated that The skills of the quantity surveyor traditionally included measurement and valuation and to these were later added accounting and negotiation. As the profession evolved, quantity surveying profession were extended to forecasting, analyzing, planning, controlling, evaluating, budgeting, problem solving and modeling. The quantity surveyor knowledge has also been developed by a better understanding of the design and construction process (Ashworth Hogg, 2007).

Shakespeares Hamlet - Between Pagan and Christian Essay -- GCSE Engl

Hamlet: Between Pagan and Christian Hamlet explores the borders between madness and sanity. It is also located, like King Lear, in a frontier area between a pagan revenge ethic and Christian compassion, and between a ruthless, power-hungry adult world and a younger generation with gentler and more conciliatory aspirations. Hamlet's father, who now torments him, was himself a sinner, otherwise he would not have to return to earth as a ghost, demanding revenge. Hamlet is well aware of his father's crimes (III.3.81). Inviting his son to avenge his death is tantamount to turning the clock back, thereby perpetuating a pagan code of honour that seems outdated in Hamlet's own time. For - in contrast to Lear - Hamlet is a Christian of sorts, a fact that hampers rather than helps him in his mission. His Christianity is one of several reasons why he hesitates to carry out the ghost's instructions - and why, in the most famous of his seven soliloquies, he refrains from turning his weapon on himself. He worries that the spirit he has seen may be a devil. Obviously Christian in its origin is...